summary of tallgrass prairie forbs (flowers)

peppergrass - Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.

common	scientific	T	SSN	H	W	sun	soil	H₂O	fire	N₂	pH	summer	fall	flower (seed)
Alexanders, golden	Zizia aurea	P	CW	0.8	0.3	S/PS	F-M-C	DM-M	-	-	-	green	grey	yellow
Alexanders, heartleaf	Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern.	P	CW	0.8	0.3	S/PS	F-M-C	DM-M	-	-	-	green	grey	yellow
alumroot	Heuchera richardsonii	P	C	1.0	0.4	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	-	-	-	green	orange	cream-green
anemone, Canada	Anemone canadensis	P	CW	0.4	0.7	S/PS	F-M-C	M	••	-	6.8-7.2	green-dark	maroon	white
asphodel, sticky	Triantha glutinosa ...	P	CW-W	0.6	0.2	-	F-M	MW-W	-	-	-	green	grey	cream-red
aster, flattop	Doellingeria umbellata	P	W	0.5	0.2	-	F-M-C	DM-M	-	-	-	green	brown	white
aster, hairy false golden-	Heterotheca villosa	P	CW	0.9	0.5	S	M-C	D-DM	•••	-	6.0-7.5	green-gray	gray	yellow
aster, many-flowered	Aster ericoides	P	W	0.5	0.7	S	F-M-C	DM-M	••	-	5.6-7.8	green	brown	white
aster, New England	Aster novae-anglia	P	W	1.2	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	DM-M	-	-	5.0-6.0	green	brown	purple
aster, smooth	Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve	P	W	1.2	0.2	S/PS	M-C	DM-M	•••	-	5.8-7.8	green-blue	brown	violet-blue
aster, white panicle	Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ...	P	W	2.0	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	M-W	•••	-	5.8-7.4	green/red	purple	white/yellow
avens, three-flowered	Geum triflorum	P	C	0.2	0.2	S/PS	M	DM	••	-	6.0-7.5	green-dark	maroon	rd-pink (grey)
avens, yellow	Geum aleppicum	P	CW	0.8	0.3	S/PS	F-M-C	M	-	-	6.1-7.8	green	-	yellow
bedstraw, northern	Galium boreale L.	P	CW	1.0	0.3	S/PS	M-C	M	•	-	5.0-7.2	green	grey-yellow	white
beggartick, nodding	Bidens cernua	A	WY	1.0	0.5	S/PS	F-M-C	MW	•	-	5.1-7.0	green-dark	-	yellow
bergamot, wild	Monarda fistulosa	P	W	1.3	0.2	S/PS	F-M	M	X	-	6.0-8.0	green-grey	grey	lavender-pink
black-eyed susan	Rudbeckia hirta	P	W-Y	0.6	0.3	S	F-M-C	M	••	-	6.0-7.0	green	grey	yellow brown
blazingstar, dotted	Liatris punctata Hook.	P	W	0.6	0.6	S	F-M-C	D	•••	-	6.0-7.8	green	-	purple
blazingstar, meadow	Liatris ligulistylis	P	W	1.0	0.2	S	F-M-C	DM-M	•••	-	6.0-7.8	green	grey-dark	pink-red
blue-eyed grass	Sisyrinchium montanum	P	CW	0.6	0.2	S	F-M-C	DM	-	-	5.0-6.5	green-grey	yellow-pale	blue-purple
bunchberry	Cornus canadensis	P	CW-W	0.2	S	PS	M	M	•••	-	5.5-6.9	green-dark	-	white (red)
cactus, prickly pear	Opuntia fragilis	P	CW	0.2	0.5	S	gritty	D	-	-	-	green	grey	yellow
camas, smooth	Zygadenus elegans	P	CW	0.8	0.3	S/PS	F-M-C	M-W	-	-	-	green-pale	grey	white-green
cinquefoil, rough	Potentilla norvegica	AP	CW-W	0.7	1.0	S/PS	F-M-C	D	-	-	-	green	grey-yellow	yellow
clover, purple prairie	Dalea purpurea Vent.	P	W	1.0	0.2	S	F-M-C	DM	••	•	6.0-8.0	green (mrn)	grey	pnk-prpl grey
clover, white prairie	Dalea candida Michx.	P	W	0.7	0.2	S	F-M-C	DM	••	•	6.0-8.0	green	grey	white grey
narrowleaf collomia	Collomia linearis Nutt.	A	CW	0.4	0.2	S	F-M-C	D	-	-	-	green-grey	grey	lavender-pink
coneflower, purple	Echinacea angustifolia	P	W	1.2	0.2	S	F-M-C	DM	••	•	6.5-7.2	green-deep	-	mauve rust
coneflower, tall	Rudbeckia laciniata	P	Y	2.0	0.3	SH	F-M-C	DM	X	-	4.5-7.0	green-grey	-	yellow grey
coneflower, yellow	Ratibida columnifera	P	W	0.6	0.3	S	F-M-C	DM	•••	-	5.9-7.0	green	-	yellow brown
Culver's root	Veronicastrum virginicum	P	W	1.3	0.4	S/PS	F-M-C	M-MW	-	-	6.6-7.8	green	grey-dark	white blue
dogbane, spreading	Apocynum androsaemifolium …	P	CW-W	1.0	1.0	S/PS	gritty	D	•••	-	-	green (red)	-	white-pink
fern, bracken	Pteridium aquilinum	P	CW	2.0	1.0	S/PS	M-C	D-M	•••	-	4.5-7.0	green	brown	green
fern, ostrich	Matteuccia struthiopteris	P	CW	1.7	0.7	S/PS	F-M	M	-	-	5.0-6.5	green-yellow	brown	none
fern, rattlesnake	Botrychium virginianum	P	CW	0.4	0.4	PS	M	D-M	•••	-	5.6-6.9	green	brown	none
fleabane, Philadelphia	Erigeron philadelphicus L.	BP	CW	0.8	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	••	-	4.8-7.8	green-pale	grey-yellow	wht-pnk yllw
fleabane, smooth	Erigeron glabellus	BP	W	0.5	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	-	-	6.1-7.8	green-pale	grey-yellow	white-pink yllw
fleabane, tufted	Erigeron caespitosus Nutt	P	W	0.3	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	-	-	-	green-grey	grey-yellow	white yllw
gaillardia	Gaillardia aristata	P	CW	1.2	0.3	S	M-C	DM	•	-	5.5-7.9	green-grey	-	yellow red
gentian, closed	Gentiana andrewsii	P	W	0.6	0.2	S/PS	F-C	M-W	••	-	5.8-7.2	green maroon	gray	purple
gentian, fringed	Gentiana procera	B	W	0.3	0.3	S	F-M-C	M	-	-	6.6-7.8	green	-	blue-violet
goldenrod, Canada	Solidago canadensis	P	WY	1.0	0.3	S/PS	F-M-C	DM-M	•••	-	4.8-7.5	green	grey	yellow
goldenrod, early	Solidago juncea Ait.	P	CW	1.2	1.0	S	M-C	D-M	-	-	5.5-7.5	green	grey	yellow
goldenrod, giant	Solidago gigantea Ait.	P	W	2.5	1.0	S/PS	F-M	DM-W	X	-	5.5-7.5	green	grey	yellow-deep
goldenrod, gray	Solidago nemoralis Aiton	P	W-Y	0.7	0.3	S	F-M-C	D-M	•••	-	6.5-7.5	green-grey	grey	yellow
goldenrod, Missouri	Solidago Missouriensis	P	CW-W	1.0	0.3	S/PS	M-C	D	•••	-	5.5-7.5	green (red)	(red)	yellow
goldenrod, Riddell's	Solidago Riddellii	P	Y	1.0	0.2	S	F-M	W	-	-	-	green-pale	grey	yellow
goldenrod, stiff	Oligoneuron rigidum	P	Y	1.0	0.3	S/PS	M-C	DM	•••	-	5.0-7.5	green (red)	grey	yellow-deep
goldenrod, velvety	Solidago mollis	P	W	0.7	0.3	S	F-M-C	D	-	-	-	green-grey	grey	yellow
grass of parnassus	Parnassia glauca Raf.	P	W	0.7	0.2	S	F-M	M	••	-	6.0-8.0	green	grey-yellow	white
groundsel, entire-leaved	Senecio integerrimus Nutt.	BP	CW	0.3	0.1	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	•••	-	6.5-8.5	green-dark	gray	yellow (brown)
gumweed	Grindelia squarrosa	P	W	0.8	0.6	S	F-M-C	DM	-	-	-	green	brown	yellow
harebell	Campanula rotundifolia	P	CW-Y	0.5	0.1	S/PS	sandy	DM	•••	-	4.0-7.0	green	grey-dark	blue violet
hawkweed, Canada	Hieracium canadense	P	CW-Y	0.8	0.2	S/PS	gritty	D-DM	-	-	-	green	grey-dark	yellow
helenium	Helenium autumnale	P	W	1.6	B	S	F-M-C	M	X	-	4.0-7.5	green	grey-yellow	yellow (brown)
hoary puccoon	Lithospermum canescens	P	C	0.5	0.3	S	sandy	DM	-	-	nt-ac	green-pale	grey-yellow	yellow-deep
horsetail, scouringrush	Equisetum hyemale L.	P	C	1.6	0.4	S	F-M-C	DM-MW	•••	-	4.5-6.5	green	brown	yellow-deep
horsetail, water	Equisetum fluviatile L.	P	CW	1.0	0.4	S/PS	F-M-C	MW-Z-	-	-	-	green	orange	cream-green
hyssop, giant	Agastache foeniculum	P	W	1.2	0.4	S/PS	F-M-C	M	-	-	-	green	grey	lavender
prairie turnip	Pediomelum esculenta	P	CW	0.7	0.4	S	F-M	D-DM	-	-	-	green-grey	grey	blue violet
hemp dogbane	Apocynum cannabinum	P	W	0.4	0.4	S	F-M-C	DM-W	X	-	4.5-7.0	green (red)	yellow (red)	white-green
iris, blue flag	Iris versicolor	P	CW	1.6	0.2	S	F-M-C	M-W	-	-	5.0-7.0	green	bronze	blue-purple
ironweed	Vernonia fasciculata	P	W-Y	1.8	1.0	S	F-M-C	M-W	-	-	5.6-7.5	green-dark	-	magenta
lettuce, blue	Lactuca pulchella	BP	CW-Y	0.9	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	M	-	-	-	green-blue	grey	blue-pale
lily, prairie	Lilium philadelphicum	P	CW	0.6	0.2	S	F-M-C	DM	•••	-	6.1-7.8	green-pale	grey	scarlet
lily, yellow pond	Nuphar lutea variegata	P	C-Y	0.6	2.0	S	F-M-C	Z	-	-	4.7-<	green	brown	yellow-deep
lobelia, brook	Lobelia kalmii	P	W	0.3	0.1	S/PS	F-M-C	MW-W	-	-	-	green	gray	blue / white
lobelia, pale spike	Lobelia spicata	P	W	0.5	0.1	S/PS	F-M-C	DM-M	-	-	-	green	gray	purple-pale
locoweed, showy	Oxytropis splendens	P	Y	0.3	0.2	S	M-C	M	•	•	6.1-7.4	green-grey	-	purple
loosestrife, fringed	Lysimachia ciliata L.	P	CW-W	1.0	0.4	S/PS	F-M	M-W	-	-	<6.8	green	gray	yellow
lousewort, swamp	Pedicularis lanceolata Michx.	P	W-L	0.9	0.3	S/PS	F-M-C	W	-	-	limy	green	brown	cream
marsh hedgenettle	Stachys palustris L.	P	CW	1.0	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	M-W	••	-	5.7-8.0	green-gry (red)	grey-yellow	purple-pale
marsh marigold	Caltha palustris L.	P	C	0.6	0.4	S/PS	F-M	MW-W	•••	-	4.9-6.8	green	-	yellow
meadow-rue, tall	Thalictrum pubescens	P	CW-W	1.5	0.4	S/PS	F-M-C	M	-	-	-	green (plum)	-	cream
meadow-rue, veiny	Thalictrum venulosum	P	CW	1.0	0.4	S/PS	gritty	M	-	-	-	green-blue	-	white-green
milkvetch, field	Astragalus striatus	P	CW	0.2	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	•••	-	-	green	bronze	pink-purple
milkvetch, Canada	Astragalus canadensis	P	W	0.9	1.0	S	M	DM	•••	-	6.0-8.0	green-grey	grey-yellow	cream
milkvetch, purple	Astragalus agrestis	P	W	0.3	1.0	S	M	DM	•••	•	6.3-7.7	green-blue	brown	purple
milkweed, common	Asclepias syriaca L.	P	CW-W	2.0	0.3	S	F-M-C	D-M	•••	-	5.1-7.5	green-grey	grey-yellow	cream-pink
milkweed, dwarf	Asclepias ovalifolia Decne.	P	CW-W	0.6	0.2	S	gritty	D	-	-	-	green-gray	grey-yellow	white-pink
milkweed, showy	Asclepias speciosa	P	W	1.2	0.3	S	F-M-C	M	•••	-	5.0-7.0	green	grey-yellow	pink-white
milkweed, swamp	Asclepias incarnata	P	Y	1.5	0.3	S	F-M	M-MW	•	-	5.0-8.0	green	scarlet	magenta
obedient plant	Physostegia virginiana	P	W	1.2	0.2	S/PS	M-C	DM-M	•••	-	5.8-7.8	green	brown	purple-pink
onion, autumn	Allium stellatum	P	W-Y	0.9	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	M	-	-	-	green-pale	-	pink-white
onion, nodding	Allium cernuum	P	W	0.6	0.2	S	F-M-C	M	-	-	<7.2	green-yellow	grey-yellow	white-pink
paintbrush, scarlet	Castilleja coccinea	A	C-Y	0.6	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	X	-	4.9-6.8	green-pale	-	scarlet
pale comandra	Comandra umbellata ...	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
pearly everlasting	Anaphalis margaritacea	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
peppergrass	Lepidium densiflorum Schrad.	P	CW	0.6	0.3	S	F-M-C	D-M	-	-	-	green-pale	yellow-pale	(green-pale)
plantain, southern water	Alisma subcordatum	P	W	1.2	0.3	S	F-M-C	MW	•••	-	5.0-7.0	green (red)	maroon	white
prairie crocus	Anemone patens	P	C	0.3	0.2	S	F-M-C	D	-	-	6.0-8.5	green	-	white / purple
primrose, gumbo	Oenothera caespitosa Nutt.	P	C	0.2	0.2	S	M-C	D	••	-	6.5-8.0	green	-	white
primrose, yellow evening	Oenothera biennis	B	W	1.0	0.2	S	F-M-C	DM	•	-	5.0-7.0	green-grey	grey	yellow
purple boneset	Eupatorium maculatum	P	W	1.8	0.6	S/PS	F-M-C	MW	-	-	-	green (red)	-	pink-purple
pussytoes, little leaved	Antennaria parvifolia	P	CW	0.1	S	S/PS	gritty	DM	X	-	-	silver	silver	white / cream
pygmyflower	Androsace septentrionalis L.	A	CW	0.1	0.1	S/PS	C	M	-	-	-	green-dull	maroon	white
red columbine	Aquilegia canadensis	P	CW	0.7	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	••	-	nt-ac	green (red)	brown	red / yellow
red samphire	Salicornia rubra	A	W	0.3	0.2	S	M-C	DM	X	-	6.5-9.4	green	red	green
sage, pasture	Artemisia frigida	P	W	0.5	0.2	S	F-M-C	DM	••	-	7.0-9.0	green-grey	grey	yellow
sage, prairie	Artemisia ludoviciana	P	WY	0.6	0.3	S	F-M-C	DM	•••	-	6.0-7.5	silver	silver	purple
seaside arrowgrass	Triglochin maritima L.	P	W	0.8	0.3	S	F-M	W	-	-	-	green	grey	white-green
seneca root	Polygala senega L.	P	CW	0.3	0.3	S/PS	F-M-C	DM-M	-	-	-	green (plum)	beige	white
silverweed	Potentilla anserina	P	CW	0.3	0.3	S/PS	F-M-C	DM-M	••	-	7.0-8.0	green/white	scarlet	yellow
smartweed	Polygonum amphibium	P	W	0.6	0.4	S	F-M-C	M-Z	••	-	4.0-7.0	green	brown	pink (brown)
strawberry, wild	Fragaria virginiana	P	C	0.2	0.4	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	-	-	-	green/red	scarlet	white (red)
sunflower, narrowleaf	Helianthus maximiliani	P	W	2.0	1.0	S	F-M-C	M	•••	-	6.0-8.0	green (mrn)	grey-yellow	yellow
sunflower, Nuttall’s	Helianthus Nuttallii	P	W-Y	2.0	0.2	S	F-M	M	••	-	5.9-7.5	green	grey	yellow
sunflower, oxeye	Heliopsis helianthoides	P	W	1.0	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	DM	••	-	5.6-6.8	green	grey	yellow-deep
thistle, Flodman's	Cirsium Flodmanii	B	CW-Y	0.9	0.1	S	F-M-C	M	••	-	-	silver	silver	magenta
touch me not	Impatiens capensis Meerb.	P	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
vervain, blue	Verbena hastata	BP	W	1.2	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	M	-	-	5.6-7.5	green	grey-yellow	purple-blue
violet, early blue	Viola adunca	P	C	0.1	0.2	S/PS	-	-	-	-	-	green	yellow grey	violet
violet, northern bog	Viola nephrophylla	P	-	0.1	0.2	-	-	M-MW	-	-	-	green	yellow grey	purple
water calla	Calla palustris	P	CW	0.2	0.2	-	-	W-Z	-	-	-	green	-	white (red)
water horehound	Lycopus americanus	P	CW	0.6	S	S/PS	F-M	M-W	•••	-	5.2-7.8	green	purple	white
water parsnip	Sium suave	A/P	W	2.0	0.3	S	F-M	W-Z	-	-	-	green	grey-yellow	white
wild licorice	Glycyrrhiza lepidota	P	W	1.0	1.0	S/PS	F-M-C	M	••	-	5.5-8.0	green-pale	grey	cream-green
wild mint	Mentha arvensis	P	CW	0.8	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	M-W	X	-	5.0-7.0	green/maroon	maroon	blue-pale
willowherb, fringed	Epilobium ciliatum Raf.	A	W	0.7	0.2	S/PS	F-M-C	M-W	-	-	-	green	orange	pink
woodsorrel, yellow	Oxalis stricta L.	P	C-Y	0.3	0.3	S/PS	F-M-C	D	-	-	6.8-7.2	green	brown	yellow
yarrow	Achillea millefolium	P	W	0.6	0.2	S	F-M-C	DM	•••	-	6.0-8.0	green-grey	grey	white
yellow star grass	Hypoxis hirsuta	P	C	0.3	0.1	S/PS	F-M	M	•••	-	5.2-7.3	green	gray-yellow	yellow

TABLE COLUMNS ARE SORTABLE

common > name = have on site

██ = cold stratify | ██ = cold stratify & scarify | ██ = plant directly | ██ = scarify | ██ = not from seed

SSN = season: C = cool | W = warm | Y = late

H = height (in metres) | W = width (in metres) | B = bunch | S = sod | SB = sod/bunch

sun: S = full sun | S/PS = sun or partial shade | PS = partial shade | SH = full shade

soil: F = fine | M = medium | C = coarse

H₂O = moisture requirement: D = dry | M = moist | W = wet | Z = aquatic

fire = fire tolerance: - = unknown | X = none | • = some | •• = moderate | ••• = high tolerance

N₂ = nitrogen fixing: • = yes

summer = foliage colour | fall = foliage (stem) colour | flower (seed) = flower (seed / fruit) colour, if conspicuous

pH = acidity - alkalinity